Luyện ngữ pháp - English Grammar for Academic Purposes (Chapter 2: Time Travel))


VII. CAUSE-EFFECT

2. Perfect Tenses for Cause and Effect

Perfect Tense Perfect Continuous Tense
The Perfect Tense connects a past action or several (series of) actions to a later effect. In the Present Perfect, the later effect is true (now).
There are three ways that this can happen.
1. Something has developed a little at a time, which leads to a later effect or current situation.
The population of Mexico City has increased over the last ten years.
He has grown rapidly in the last year.
2. One action has happened repeatedly (again and again) over time, or several actions over a period of time have happened between two points in time, leading to a later effect.
She has contributed in many ways to this project, leading to its success.
He has acquired a number of classic cars, resulting in an impressive collection.
I have packed my bags, bought my plane ticket and arrived at the airport. My vacation is finally here.
3. One action in the past has a later effect.
He has had an accident, and now he can no longer work.
He has graduated with a degree in Medicine. Now he is working at the City Hospital.		 The Perfect Tense connects a past action or several (series of) actions to a later effect. In the Perfect Continuous Tense, however, there is an expectation that the cause will continue to happen. If there is an effect, it is an ongoing or cumulative effect that is still in progress.
There are only two ways that the cause can happen. #1 below is not possible.
1. One action in the past has a later effect that is still in progress—this would not be how the Perfect Progressive Tense is used. Since the action happened in the past, it is not on-going.
2. Something has developed a little at a time (incrementally) in the past, which leads to a later or current situation that is still in progress.
The population of Mexico City has been increasing over the last ten years (and is expected to continue increasing).
He has been growing rapidly in the last year (and is expected to continue growing).
3. One action or several actions over a period of time have happened repeatedly (again and again) between two points in time, leading to a later effect that could be cumulative.
She has been contributing in many ways to this project, leading to its success (this is expected to continue happening).
He has been acquiring a number of classic cars, resulting in an impressive collection (this is expected to continue happening).
In reality, there is little difference between #2 and #3 above.

Exercise: Match the clauses on the left with the effects on the right.

Ví dụ: 100 – z. Nhập câu trả lời vào ô trống (ví dụ: 1-d, 2-f, ...).

Effect (danh sách để tham khảo)

(a) revenue is up by 15%.
(b) I hope to do three miles in thirty minutes soon.
(c) if this keeps up, it will drive me crazy.
(d) she hopes to be a singer-songwriter.
(e) we should be in Barcelona soon.
(f) she is missing a lot of work.
(g) she should be able to get something soon. There is a big need for accountants now.

Cause

1. She has been learning to play the guitar → Effect:

2. Jasmin has been getting sick a lot lately → Effect:

3. Our company has been increasing sales → Effect:

4. My sister has been looking for a new job → Effect:

5. We have been traveling for 10 hours → Effect:

6. My mother has been calling me every day → Effect:

7. I have been running 3 miles every day. → Effect:

- 1. Cause/Effect Relationship


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