II. BUILDING COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES
1. Compound Sentences: Joining Two Independent Clauses
1.1 Coordinating Conjunctions Join Independent Clauses
The coordinating conjunctions are as follows:
For
Means 'because'. It is not commonly used any more, as it is seen as outdated and formal.
Example
He was not happy, for he did not get his desired job.
And
Means 'an additional thing'—one more thing.
Example
She was happy, and she felt lighthearted.
Nor
The same as 'or', except it is a negative. You cannot have this AND you cannot have that. This is not true, and that is not true. Here, you add two negative ideas together.
Example
He is not rich, nor is he famous.
But
A contrasting idea.
Example
She is rich, but she drives an old car.
Or
There is a choice between two things, but you can only choose one and not both.
Example
You can have the orange, or you can have the apple.
Yet
A contrasting idea, but one that is unexpected.
Example
She is rich, yet she drives an old car.
So
Rather than expressing the cause of something as 'for' does, it indicates the result of something.
Example
It was raining, so he took his umbrella with him.
Note: 'So' can also be a subordinating conjunction, but it means 'so that' or 'for the purpose of'.
Note: When you use 'nor', you must use the auxiliary verb 'do/does' with the verb in the second clause. In addition, you must reverse the order of the subject and the auxiliary verb (for an action verb)—just as you would do for a question. If the sentence uses the verb BE or a linking verb, the order of the subject and the verb are simply reversed.
Examples
She is not a singer, nor is she a dancer.
She does not sing, nor does she dance.
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