II. BUILDING COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES
2. Complex Sentences: Joining an Independent Clause to a Dependent Clause
2.1 Common Subordinating Clauses and their Meanings
2.1.1 Time
a. Before: Something in the dependent clause happens, but the main clause happens first.
Example
Before we watch a movie, we will eat dinner.
b. After: Something in the dependent clause happens first. The main clause happens second.
Example
After we ate dinner, we washed the dishes.
c. When: The action in the dependent adverb clause happens first. The action in the main independent clause happens immediately after that.
Example
When the sun set, it got cold.
d. While/As: The action in both the adverb clause and the main clause happens at the same time.
Examples
While she was cleaning her apartment, she listened to her favorite band.
As she was cleaning her apartment, she listened to her favorite band.
e. Since: The action of the adverb clause comes first. The action of the main clause happens after that.
Example
Since she graduated, she has gotten five job offers.
f. Until: The action in main clause will continue while waiting for the action of the adverb clause.
Example
Until she gets a job, she will need to be careful with her money.
Exercise 1: Choose the correct Subordinating Conjunction of time from the list to go in the blanks below.
List: (while, before, after, when, until, since). Nhập câu trả lời vào ô trống.
1. People have been travelling on jet planes _____ the first jet airliner was put into service in 1949.
Trả lời:
2. _____ the first supersonic jet liner, the Concord, was invented, it would take around nine hours to fly from New York to London. With the Concord, people could make the trip in around 3 hours.
Trả lời:
3. Passengers must listen to a safety presentation _____ an airliner takes off.
Trả lời:
4. _____ a jet takes off, the landing gear is pulled up into the fuselage.
Trả lời:
5. _____ they are on a long journey on an airplane, airline companies often serve meals to the passengers.
Trả lời:
6. _____ an airplane hits severe air turbulence, some passengers get sick.
Trả lời:
Exercise 2: Join the two clauses and add the indicated subordinating conjunction of time to connect them.
Be sure to attach the conjunction to the correct clause and add a comma in the correct place if needed. Nhập câu trả lời vào ô trống.
1. Most people start a new business. They need to borrow money for start-up costs. (when)
Trả lời:
2. Someone applies for a business loan at a bank. They need to develop a sound business plan. (before)
Trả lời:
3. They are waiting to hear if their business loan has been approved. Most potential entrepreneurs are waiting anxiously to see if their dream will be realized. (while)
Trả lời:
4. There is much to be done before a business can open. Their business loan has been approved. (after)
Trả lời:
5. The time that a business plan is developed. Until the time that the business opens can be many years. (since)
Trả lời:
6. You actually open your business. You can't possibly know everything that will be needed. (until)
Trả lời:
Sample Answers
1. When most people start a new business, they need to borrow money for start-up
costs.
2. Before someone applies for a business loan at a bank, they need to develop a sound
business plan.
3. While they are waiting to hear if their business loan has been approved, most
potential entrepreneurs are waiting anxiously to see if their dream will be realized.
4. There is much to be done before a business can open after their business loan has
been approved.
5. Since the time that a business plan is developed, until the time that the business
opens can be many years.
6. Until you actually open your business, you can’t possibly know everything that will be
needed.
Exercise 3: Finish the sentences with either an independent clause or a dependent clause of time.
When writing dependent clauses of time, you must use the subordinating conjunction of time in the brackets. Note that some dependent clauses of time already have a subordinating conjunction of time. Nhập câu trả lời vào ô trống.
1. Since the first wheel was invented,
2. _____ the earthquake happened. (after)
3. _____ until she finished the movie.
4. When Karna opened her gift,
5. _____, she slowly started to relax. (while)
6. _____, you must call your mother. (before)
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