II. BUILDING COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES
2. Complex Sentences: Joining an Independent Clause to a Dependent Clause
2.1 Common Subordinating Clauses and their Meanings
2.1.4 Condition: A Cause/Effect Relationship
Conditionals are a form of cause and effect, except that they sort of work in reverse. We start with the effect and then define what sort of cause will cause that effect. Also, instead of only one cause being considered, there is a chance that the cause will or will not happen. The action that needs to happen for an effect to happen is called the 'condition' for the effect being considered.
a. If: It is not known which cause will happen (unless it is something in our power to do), so we don't know what the effect will be until the cause happens.
Example
If it rains, I will bring my umbrella. (If it doesn't rain, I will not bring my umbrella)
b. Unless: This is the negative of 'if'. Here, there is doubt that the cause will happen. The effect will not likely change at this point in time.
Example
Unless she comes soon (she is late), I will need to leave.
c. Even if: Here, it doesn't matter which cause happens, the effect will be the same.
Example
I'm so mad. Even if she comes in one minute (she is late), I will leave without her.
d. Whether or not: Again, it doesn't matter which cause happens, the effect will be the same.
Example
Whether or not these shoes are cheap or expensive, I still won't buy them.
e. Only if: Here it is emphasized that only ONE possible action will have the expected effect.
Example
Only if I win the lottery can I buy a new car. I have no money.
f. In case (that): Here, there is the possibility of a cause happening or not happening. Here, an alternate outcome is given if the first possible cause does not happen.
Example
In case I can't reach Emily by phone, can you try to call her after I leave?
Exercise 1: Choose a Subordinating Conjunction of condition from the list to go in the blanks below.
List: (if, unless, even if, whether or not, only if, in case (that)). Nhập câu trả lời vào ô trống.
1. _____ we will be able to keep global warming under 2° Celsius may depend on whether certain climate 'tipping points' can be avoided.
Trả lời:
2. There is a danger that the Atlantic Meridional ocean current could shut down _____ we are able to keep global warming under 2° Celsius.
Trả lời:
3. We will see more and more crop failures throughout the world _____ we move more quickly to address climate change.
Trả lời:
4. _____ there is a continuing drought in many countries, food prices will become unaffordable for many, even for countries with a strong economy.
Trả lời:
5. Many people will become malnourished (even in developed countries) _____ food security is not given more attention.
Trả lời:
6. _____ food security is addressed will the possibility of world conflict be kept to a minimum.
Trả lời:
Exercise 2: Join the two clauses and add the indicated subordinating conjunction of condition to connect them.
Be sure to attach the conjunction to the correct clause and add a comma in the correct place if needed. There is a blank in front of each clause so that you do not need to write out the entire sentence. In the correct blank, simply add the correct subordinating conjunction and a comma, if necessary. Capitalize the first letter of the sentence if there is no conjunction at the beginning of the sentence. Nhập câu trả lời vào ô trống.
1. _____ climate change is addressed as an emergency will depend on international leadership instead of political games. (whether or not)
Trả lời:
2. _____ we will be able to avoid severe shortages of food and other goods _____ countries work together. (only if)
Trả lời:
3. _____ we are addressing climate change more urgently and immediately _____ countries will still need to spend more and more on natural disasters such as floods over the next decades. (even if)
Trả lời:
4. _____ countries will need to prepare to deal with persistent price inflation _____ we keep seeing natural disasters continue to happen. (in case)
Trả lời:
5. _____ we may be able to avoid the worst impacts of climate change _____ the trend of increasing development of clean energy continues at the current rate. (if)
Trả lời:
6. _____ people are willing to adopt new clean energy solutions _____ it doesn't matter what is available. (unless)
Trả lời:
Sample Answers
1. Whether or not climate change is addressed as an emergency will depend on
international leadership instead of political games.
2. We will be able to avoid severe shortages of food and other goods only if countries
work together.
3. Even if we are addressing climate change more urgently and immediately, countries
will still need to spend more and more on natural disasters such as floods over the
next decades.
4. Countries will need to prepare to deal with persistent price inflation in case we keep
seeing natural disasters continue to happen.
5. We may be able to avoid the worst impacts of climate change if the trend of
increasing development of clean energy continues at the current rate.
6. Unless people are willing to adopt new clean energy solutions, it doesn’t matter what
is available.
Exercise 3: Finish the cause/effect sentences with either an independent clause or a dependent clause.
Nhập câu trả lời vào ô trống.
1. If I could afford an electric vehicle,
2. Even if I wanted to buy an electric vehicle,
3. Unless I live close to public transportation,
4. Whether or not my country invests in clean energy,
5. Only if I can afford an electric vehicle,
6. In case I can't take public transportation to work,
Exercises
Exercise 1: Identify elements of compound and complex sentences and add appropriate punctuation (commas).
First, underline the conjunction, either Coordinating or Subordinating, in each sentence. Then, in the blank on the left, identify whether the sentence is a compound sentence (c) or a complex sentence (cx). Next, if it is a complex sentence, put the dependent clause /between slashes/. The dependent clause has a subordinating conjunction as part of the clause rather than being physically independent of either clause, as is the case with Coordinating Conjunctions. Finally, if the dependent clause in a complex sentence comes first in the sentence, add a comma after the dependent clause. If the sentence is a compound sentence, be sure to add a comma after the first independent clause but before the Coordinating Conjunction. Nhập câu trả lời vào ô trống.
Examples:
cx /After the private company Space X was able to re-use its first rockets by landing them safely back on earth/, it was able to send a rocket to the International Space Station.
c Space X was able to re-use its first rockets by landing them safely back on earth, and it was also able to send a rocket to the International Space Station.
1. The Russians were the first to send a rocket into space in 1957 but the Americans were the first to land astronauts on the moon.
Trả lời:
2. While the Americans were the first to send a dog into space the Russians sent the first person into space.
Trả lời:
3. After the Americans launched the space shuttle, Columbia, into space in 1981 the Russians followed with their own shuttle, the Buran, in 1988.
Trả lời:
4. The first module of the International Space Station was sent to space by the Russians and the United States sent the second module shortly after.
Trả lời:
5. The space station was delivered as separate parts (modules) so they had to be assembled in space using astronauts and a robotic arm, the 'Canadarm2'.
Trả lời:
6. China sent its first human into space in 1988 and it landed its first probe on the moon in 2013.
Trả lời:
7. China's landed its first probe to the moon in 2013 before they landed a lunar rover (vehicle) on the far side of the moon in 2019.
Trả lời:
8. Apollo 11 was successful in landing the first people on the moon yet just two missions later, Apollo 13 had to return without landing on the moon.
Trả lời:
9. Because of the failure of an oxygen tank on Apollo 13 it had to return to earth without landing on the moon.
Trả lời:
10. Mamoru Mohri was the first male Japanese astronaut in space and Mukai Chiaki was the first female Japanese astronaut.
Trả lời:
11. When the first Canadian, Marc Garneau, went to space his two children just thought he was going to Disney World.
Trả lời:
12. India's first lunar rover explored the South Pole of the moon after China's first lunar rover explored the far side of the moon.
Trả lời:
13. While the first rover to land on Mars was the American 'Sojourner' no human has yet landed on Mars.
Trả lời:
14. If the private company, Space X, is able to land people and build a colony on the moon in a joint program with NASA it hopes to send people to Mars someday.
Trả lời:
Sample Answers
1. c The Russians were the first to send a rocket into space in 1957, but the Americans
were the first to land astronauts on the moon.
2. cx /While the Americans were the first to send a dog into space/, the Russians sent
the first person into space.
3. cx /After the Americans launched the space shuttle, Columbia, into space in 1981/, the
Russians followed with their own shuttle, the Buran in 1988.
4. c The first module of the International Space Station was sent to space by the
Russians, and the United States sent the second module shortly after.
5. c The space station was delivered as separate parts, so they had to be assembled in
space using astronauts and a robotic arm, the ‘Canadarm2’.
6. c China sent its first human into space in 1988, and it landed its first probe on the
moon in 2013.
7. cx China’s landed its first probe to the moon in 2013 /before they landed a lunar rover
on the far side of the moon in 2019/.
8. c Apollo 11 was successful in landing the first people on the moon, yet just two
missions later, Apollo 13 had to return without landing on the moon.
9. cx /Because of the failure of an oxygen tank on Apollo 13/, it had to return to earth
without landing on the moon.
10. c Mamoru Mohri was the first male Japanese astronaut in space, and Mukai Chiaki
was the first female Japanese astronaut.
11. cx /When the first Canadian, Marc Garneau, went to space/, his twin children just
thought that he was going to Disney World.
12. cx India’s first lunar rover explored the South Pole of the moon /after China’s first
lunar rover explored the far side of the moon/.
13. cx /While the first rover to land on Mars was the American ‘Sojourner’/, no human
has yet landed on Mars.
14. cx /If the private company, Space X, is able to land people and build a colony on the
moon in a joint program with NASA/, it hopes to send people to Mars someday.
Exercise 2: Join two clauses with the Subordinating Conjunction that follows the two clauses.
Add commas and appropriate conjunctions in the correct place to sentences with two clauses. First, write them with the independent clause first in the sentence, and then write them with the dependent clause first in the sentence. Nhập câu trả lời vào ô trống.
Example:
A. We will watch a movie. We will eat dinner. (after)
▪ We will watch a movie after we eat dinner.
▪ After we eat dinner, we will watch a movie.
1. Yolanta is careful with her money. Her husband is not. (while)
Trả lời:
2. A violent earthquake caused a tsunami in Japan. The Fukushima nuclear plant was damaged. (because)
Trả lời:
3. I take notes in class. I always check them and complete them. (after)
Trả lời:
4. You travel to a new city and don't know where you are. You can use GPS to find your location. (if)
Trả lời:
5. Canada increased its immigration targets in July 2022. Its population increased by over one million people by the next year. (when)
Trả lời:
6. Bruce bought a new car. He wouldn't need to keep paying repair bills. (so that)
Trả lời:
7. It didn't rain all summer last year. Many trees began to die. (so)
Trả lời:
Sample Answers
1. While Yolanta is careful with her money, her husband is not.
Her husband is not careful with money while Yolanta is.
2. Because a violent earthquake caused a tsunami in Japan, the Fukushima nuclear plant
was damaged.
The Fukushima nuclear plant was damaged because a violent earthquake caused a
tsunami in Japan.
3. After I take notes in class, I always check them and complete them.
I always check my them and complete them after I take notes in class.
4. If you travel to a new city and don’t know where you are, you can use GPS to find
272 | II. BUILDING COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCESyour location.
You can use GPS to find your location, if you travel to a new city and don’t know
where you are.
5. When Canada increased its immigration targets in July 2022, its population increased
by over one million people by the next year.
Canada’s population increased by over one million people in the next year when it
increased its immigration targets in July 2022.
6. Bruce bought a new car so (that) he wouldn’t need to keep paying repair bills.
So (that) he wouldn’t need to keep paying repair bills, Bruce bought a new car.
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