Luyện ngữ pháp - Destination B1 ((Unit 5: Grammar - Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous))


Past perfect simple

had + past participle

statement

 I/you/we/they/he/she/it had ('d) written ...

negative

 I/you/we/they/he/she/it had not (hadn't) written...

question

 Had I/you/we/they/he/she/it written...?

Use

Example
Actions and states before a moment in the past I’d finished my homework a few minutes before the lesson started.
Mrs Cross had been a teacher for twenty years before she became a head teacher.
Completed actions at a time in the past which is not mentioned I’ve already read that book.
Finished actions and states where the important thing is the result at a moment in the past We were happy because we’d all done our homework.

Helpful hints

The past perfect simple is often used with the following words and phrases:

by I'd finished my homework by eight o'clock.
by the time By the time I got to class, the lesson had started.
before The teacher had checked the answers before the lesson
after I left after I'd finished the test.
just Simon had just finished the test when the bell rang.
when I left when I’d finished the test.

Watch out!

Whether we use the past simple or the past perfect simple can change the meaning of a sentence.
✓ The lesson started when I arrived. ( = I arrived and then the lesson started.)
✓ The lesson had started when I arrived. ( = The lesson started and then I arrived.)

Some verbs have irregular past participle forms.

Irregular verbs

Bare infinitive Past simple Past participle
be was, were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got/gotten
give gave given
go went gone/been
grow grew grown
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lead led led
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
sting stung stung
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written

Form - Past perfect continuous


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