COMPOUND SENTENCES.

1. Three independent clauses joined by and: (1) "Over the porch grew a hop-vine" (subject: hop-vine, predicate: grew over the porch); (2) "a brandy-cherry tree shaded the door" (subject: tree, predicate: shaded the door); (3) "a luxuriant cranberry vine flung its delicious fruit across the window" (subject: vine, predicate: flung its delicious fruit across the window). Commas separate the clauses in the series; and before the last clause.
Giải thích: Ba mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng and: (1) "Over the porch grew a hop-vine"; (2) "a brandy-cherry tree shaded the door"; (3) "a luxuriant cranberry vine flung its delicious fruit across the window". Dấu phẩy phân tách các mệnh đề trong chuỗi; and trước mệnh đề cuối cùng.

2. Two independent clauses joined by but (showing contrast): (1) "Mr. Peterkin liked to take a doze on his sofa in the room" (subject: Mr. Peterkin, predicate: liked to take a doze on his sofa in the room); (2) "the rest of the family liked to sit on the piazza" (subject: the rest of the family, predicate: liked to sit on the piazza). Comma before but.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng but (thể hiện sự tương phản). Dấu phẩy trước but.

3. Two independent clauses joined by a semicolon (conjunction omitted): (1) "Prosperity makes friends" (subject: Prosperity, predicate: makes friends); (2) "adversity tries them" (subject: adversity, predicate: tries them). Semicolon replaces the conjunction and comma.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng dấu chấm phẩy (liên từ được lược bỏ). Dấu chấm phẩy thay thế cho liên từ và dấu phẩy.

4. Four independent clauses: (1) "The whole family planted the potatoes" (subject: family, predicate: planted the potatoes); (2) "George dug the holes with his hoe" (subject: George, predicate: dug the holes with his hoe); (3) "Mollie dropped into each one three pieces of an old potato" (subject: Mollie, predicate: dropped into each one three pieces of an old potato); (4) "Paul raked the black earth over them" (subject: Paul, predicate: raked the black earth over them); (5) "Mother supervised and praised them all" (subject: Mother, predicate: supervised and praised them all). Semicolons and commas separate the clauses.
Giải thích: Bốn mệnh đề độc lập. Dấu chấm phẩy và dấu phẩy phân tách các mệnh đề.

5. Two independent clauses joined by but (showing contrast): (1) "Some of the letter-carriers must take very long walks" (subject: Some of the letter-carriers, predicate: must take very long walks); (2) "English people do not appear to object to that sort of thing" (subject: English people, predicate: do not appear to object to that sort of thing). Comma before but.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng but (thể hiện sự tương phản). Dấu phẩy trước but.

6. Two independent clauses joined by or (showing choice): (1) "come ye in peace here" (subject: ye, predicate: come in peace here); (2) "come ye in war" (subject: ye, predicate: come in war). Comma before or.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng or (thể hiện sự lựa chọn). Dấu phẩy trước or.

7. Three independent clauses: (1) "At the end of the first year the young lions shed their teeth" (subject: lions, predicate: shed their teeth); (2) "the first indications of manes appeared on the males" (subject: indications, predicate: appeared on the males); (3) "the playfulness between brother and sister ceased" (subject: playfulness, predicate: ceased). Commas separate the clauses.
Giải thích: Ba mệnh đề độc lập. Dấu phẩy phân tách các mệnh đề.

8. Two independent clauses joined by and (same line of thought): (1) "The clumsy wheels of several old-fashioned coaches were heard" (subject: wheels, predicate: were heard); (2) "the gentlemen and ladies composing the bridal party came through the church with the sudden and gladsome effect of a burst of sunshine" (subject: gentlemen and ladies, predicate: came through the church with the sudden and gladsome effect of a burst of sunshine). Comma before and.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng and (cùng dòng suy nghĩ). Dấu phẩy trước and.

9. Two independent clauses joined by so (showing consequence): (1) "I had never been called pretty before" (subject: I, predicate: had never been called pretty before); (2) "I was flattered" (subject: I, predicate: was flattered). Comma before so.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng so (thể hiện kết quả). Dấu phẩy trước so.

10. Two independent clauses joined by but (showing contrast): (1) "The yellow cur has not the speed of the greyhound" (subject: cur, predicate: has not the speed of the greyhound); (2) "neither does he bear the seeds of lung and skin diseases" (subject: he, predicate: does bear the seeds of lung and skin diseases, with neither modifying the predicate). Comma before but.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng but (thể hiện sự tương phản). Dấu phẩy trước but.

11. Two independent clauses joined by yet (showing contrast): (1) "The party did not return to Skarpsno until half-past eight in the evening" (subject: party, predicate: did not return to Skarpsno until half-past eight in the evening); (2) "the sun was still above the horizon" (subject: sun, predicate: was still above the horizon). Comma before yet.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng yet (thể hiện sự tương phản). Dấu phẩy trước yet.

12. Four independent clauses joined by semicolons (conjunctions omitted): (1) "We cherish every memorial of our worthy ancestors" (subject: We, predicate: cherish every memorial of our worthy ancestors); (2) "we celebrate their patience and fortitude" (subject: we, predicate: celebrate their patience and fortitude); (3) "we admire their daring enterprise" (subject: we, predicate: admire their daring enterprise); (4) "we teach our children to venerate their piety" (subject: we, predicate: teach our children to venerate their piety). Semicolons separate the clauses.
Giải thích: Bốn mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng dấu chấm phẩy (liên từ được lược bỏ).

13. Two compound sentences joined by semicolon. First compound: "Every animal has some great strength, or it could not live" (two clauses joined by or). Second compound: "every animal has some great weakness, or the other animals could not live" (two clauses joined by or). Semicolon joins the two compound sentences.
Giải thích: Hai câu ghép được nối bằng dấu chấm phẩy. Câu ghép thứ nhất: hai mệnh đề nối bằng or. Câu ghép thứ hai: hai mệnh đề nối bằng or.

14. Two independent clauses joined by but (showing contrast): (1) "Human action can be modified to some extent" (subject: action, predicate: can be modified to some extent); (2) "human nature cannot be changed" (subject: nature, predicate: cannot be changed). Comma before but.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng but (thể hiện sự tương phản). Dấu phẩy trước but.

15. Two independent clauses joined by and (same line of thought): (1) "Captain John Smith was exasperatingly sure of himself" (subject: Captain John Smith, predicate: was exasperatingly sure of himself); (2) "older men found his pretensions well-nigh unbearable" (subject: men, predicate: found his pretensions well-nigh unbearable). Comma before and.
Giải thích: Hai mệnh đề độc lập được nối bằng and (cùng dòng suy nghĩ). Dấu phẩy trước and.