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English Vocabulary in Use Advance (Unit 55: Industries: from manufacturing to service)


A. Industries and industrial practices

Expression Explanation Opposite expression Explanation
heavy industry e.g. steel works, shipbuilding light industry e.g. manufacturing car parts, TV sets
manufacturing industry making things, e.g. consumer goods service industry serving people, e.g. tourism, banking
high-technology (high-tech) involving computers, e.g. software industry low-technology (low-tech) involving little or no computer technology
cutting-edge technology involving new and innovative technology conventional technology using standard, proven technology
privatisation e.g. selling off state railways to private companies nationalisation / state ownership when industry is owned by the government

Many big industries are run as public-private partnerships.
The nuclear industry receives a huge subsidy from the government.
The government tries to encourage inward investment.

B. Industrial practices

Example Explanation
Most of the factory workers are on piecework. they are only paid for the amount they produce
Many people now work on zero hours contracts. they are employed but the number of hours they work each week may vary, and some weeks there may be no work for them
Child labour is a serious problem in some countries. the employment of children to do adult jobs
In many countries, the right to trade union representation has only come after long struggles. a union that negotiates wages and conditions for the people it represents
Many cheap electrical goods are produced in sweatshops in poorer countries. factories where people work very long hours for low wages
Retraining and reskilling are necessary when an economy is modernised. training people for new jobs and teaching them new skills

The big multinationals1 often close factories as a cost-cutting exercise2 and relocate3 and switch production4 to countries where labour and costs are cheaper.
In many cases, components5 for cars are imported and then assembled6, rather than manufactured in the country.

  • 1 big companies with operations in many different countries
  • 2 effort to reduce their costs
  • 3 move the company’s offices (or production) to a different place
  • 4 move the centre of manufacturing to a different place
  • 5 parts
  • 6 put together
Exercise-55.1


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