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English Vocabulary in Use Advance (Unit 80: Academic writing: text structure)


A. Explaining, reinforcing, exemplifying

Look at these extracts and note the contexts in which the words in bold occur.
The Prime Minister reiterated1 her concern that the debate should not be dominated by personal attacks. She summarised2 the new policy as being progressive and radical … Peter Burnett’s comments epitomise3 the attitude of many parents nowadays in asserting4 that schools are to blame for anti-social behaviour among children and that …
It was a philosophy first expounded5 by John Ruskin in the 19th century. If human … The recent events underscore6 the need for a better understanding of the environmental impact of biotechnology. If this phase in the …
Several scientists have posited7 a link between climate change and bird migration patterns … In an attempt to account for8 the lack of interest, political analysts have looked at past voting patterns. On the basis of …
  • 1 repeated, restated
  • 2 described briefly the main facts or ideas
  • 3 are a perfect example of
  • 4 saying that something is certainly true
  • 5 developed, proposed
  • 6 emphasise
  • 7 suggested as a basic fact or principle
  • 8 explain, find the cause of

B. Categorising and including

Chinese visitors comprised / made up 70% of the hotel’s guests last year. [consisted of]
The course is comprised of two elements: reading and writing. [is composed of]
These two approaches can be subsumed under one heading. [brought together, united]
The book embraces a number of issues, from economic to religious ones. [covers, includes]
Her philosophy is diff icult to categorise. [label as belonging to a particular type or class]

Common mistakes

Consist is followed by of when we refer to the elements which compose something: The country consists of five major regions (NOT consists on/in or consists five).

C. Structuring the text

Here are some words and expressions for ordering and arranging the parts of an essay.
function in the text example
beginning I should like to preface my argument with a true story. /ˈprefɪs/
mapping out the text I shall return to this point later in my essay.
connecting points This brings me/us to my next area of discussion, which is finance.
focusing I should now like to address the question of the arms race.
ordering points The arguments are presented in ascending/descending order of importance.
quoting/referring The ideas of several writers will be cited in support of the argument.
The text alludes to several themes that need closer examination.
including/excluding material There will only be space to touch upon* the big question of political responsibility.
It is impossible to deal with all the issues in this short essay.
Discussion of the roots of the problem is beyond the scope of this essay.
drawing conclusions We are forced to conclude that unemployment will always be with us.

*touch upon means to include something only briefly

Exercise-80.1


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