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English Vocabulary in Use Advance (Unit 99: Language and gender)


A. Gender awareness and vocabulary

In professional contexts and elsewhere, we often take care to use gender-neutral language in English. David Crystal, in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, writes:
Attention has been focused on the replacement of ‘male’ words with a generic meaning by neutral items – chairman, for example, becoming chair or chairperson (though not without controversy) or salesman becoming sales assistant. In certain cases, such as job descriptions, the use of sexually neutral language has become a legal requirement. There is continuing debate between extremists and moderates as to how far such revisions should go – whether they should affect traditional idioms such as man in the street1 and Neanderthal Man2, or apply to parts of words where the male meaning of man is no longer dominant, such as manhandle3 and woman. The vocabulary of marital status has also been affected, notably in the introduction of Ms as a neutral alternative to Miss or Mrs.
  • 1 a typical person (could be replaced by person in the street)
  • 2 a now-extinct species that were the ancestors of present-day humans
  • 3 handle roughly, using force

Here are some examples of gender-neutral variations of vocabulary.

older usage current usage
spokesman spokesperson
fireman, policeman firefighter, police officer
air hostess flight attendant
cleaning lady cleaner
foreman supervisor
man-made artificial
mankind the human race / human beings
to man (a machine or place of work) to staff

B. Words referring to men and women

words meaning/comment example
male, female used for gender classification in biology male and female bees
masculine, feminine having qualities traditionally felt to be typically male or female masculine pride, feminine charm
guy, bloke informal words for a man Jack’s a really nice guy.
guys an informal word for men and women, especially in the phrase you guys, as a way of addressing people directly Do any of you guys fancy going out for a pizza tonight?
girlfriend used by women to refer to a female friend I’m meeting up with a few girlfriends this evening.
girlie/girly used to describe things that girls and young women often enjoy without men, especially involving clothes, make-up, etc. They’re having a girlie evening at home.
lad informal word for a boy or young man He’s having a night out with some of the lads tonight.
laddish used to describe unpleasant behaviour thought to be typical of young men in a group, especially drinking alcohol I can’t stand that kind of laddish behaviour!
macho used to describe a man who likes to appear strong and doesn’t show his feelings He refuses to cry – it would spoil his macho image!


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