| Coherence means making the text flow and includes ordering information and paragraphing. Cohesion is joining individual elements such as clauses, sentences and paragraphs together. This includes discourse markers, but also other aspects such as avoiding repetition through the use of pronouns and synonyms. |
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10. Match these examples of cohesion (1-5) from the text with their type (a-e). Use the underlined words and phrases to help you decide.
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1 ...in 1900 ran through the neighbourhood, by 1935 this had been removed, ...
2 ...amenities of this .[...]Whereas in 1900 a railway line ran through the ...
3 ...the had largely disappeared.Whereas in 1900 a ran through the neighbourhood ...
4 ...for [...]to the right of , ...
5 ...a number of notable to the buildings and amenities of this area.[...] ...
a. repetition of the same noun a few sentences later to show continuation of an idea
b. using a demonstrative pronoun to avoid repetition
c. using the definite article because the noun has been used before
d. giving a second more specific noun as an example of the first more general noun
e. using synonyms to avoid repetition
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11. Look at this list of features which might be found in a cohesive text. Then look back at the sample answer in exercise 7. Which features were not included in it? Why not?
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1. an opening sentence or paragraph explaining what the maps show, with an overview of what the writer is going to talk about
2. a general statement of a change the writer feels is important
3. supporting statements which give more specific details about a general statement
4. speculation as to why the changes took place
5. a recap/summary of the main points covered
6. your opinion of the changes
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12. Look at the two maps of a beach hotel at different times. Make notes on the key changes in the following areas:
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accommodation facilities recreation
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13. With a partner, read this candidate's answer. Discuss and find examples of the following coherence and cohesion features.
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1. a statement to introduce a change the writer feels is important
2. the use of discourse markers to give cohesion
3. the use of synonyms and paraphrase to avoid repetition
4. the use of pronouns, possessive adjectives articles
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Suggested Answer
The maps show changes to a beach hotel between 2003 and 2013. Generally speaking, the changes illustrate the extension and improvement of its facilities during the ten-year period.
The most striking alteration is to the hotel's capacity. with an increase in the number of rooms, and in particular the construction of an extra storey above the initial row of rooms. Another significant change is the relocation of various facilities. By 2013, the swimming pool and restaurant had been moved and its seating area had been enlarged
Recreation had more prominence by 2013. This ca n be seen in the fact that the 2013 pool is considerably larger than ten years previously and a water Sports centre had been built on the beach in front of the hotel. On t0p of this, the fence which divided the hotel from the beach had been removed by 2013, allowing free access to the beach.
To summarise, the hotel underwent an expansion of its accommodation and recreational amenities in the ten years between 2003 and 2013.
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